Fun fact: zero and numerals were not invented by the Arabs. The Arabs learnt the concept & use of mathematical zero, numerals, decimal system, mathematical calculations, etc. from the ancient Hindus/Indians.
And from the Arabs, the Europeans learnt it.
Persian scholar Al Khwarizmi translated and used the Hindu/Indian numerals (including concept of mathematical zero) and "Sulba Sutras" (Hindu/Indian methods of mathematical problem solving) into the text Al-Jabr, which the Europeans translated as "Algebra" (yup, that branch of mathematics that all schoolkids worldwide learn from kindergarten).
Yeah I believe modern trigonometry and the terms sine and cos also trace their origins to Sanskrit through Arabic. It's a shame that ancient/medieval India contributed so much to science and math but hasn't been able to innovate in centuries past :(
Origin trivia: Originating from the Sanskrit word for zero शून्य (śuṇya), via the Arabic word صفر (ṣifr), the word "cipher" spread to Europe as part of the Arabic numeral system during the Middle Ages.
Fun fact: The Sanskrit word for mathematical zero and emptiness/voidness is the same: Shunya (शून्य). In fact, mathematicians are of the opinion that ancient Indians were among the first to understand the concept of mathematical zero because they understood the meaning of empty/void (Shunyata). Dhyana (meditation by focusing on voidness/stillness, away from random intrusive thoughts) is an aspect of Yoga (world's oldest active fitness discipline).
Another fun fact: The world's oldest recorded cipher (as an example of cryptography/ encryption) is the ancient Indian epic Ramayana by Maharshi Valmiki. It has 24000 verses (Sanskrit shlokas), and the first syllable (akshara) of each 1000th verse/shloka forms a series of 24 syllables that form the sacred Sri Gayatri Mantra.
Proofs of oldest records mathematical zero being of Indian origin, are available..
When someone says "it still means zero" about Tamil when responding to comments about Arabic, two languages which have no shared root and little similarity, what does that mean?
The original comment was about one language that borrowed cipher from Arabic (i.e. English) where the word no longer means zero. So my comment was about a different language that also borrowed the word cipher (i.e. Tamil) where it still retains that meaning.
So is Gemini. but from it I gather there might be something interesting about a word that "loops back" (geographically) but evolutionarily speaking it was a reworking of _independent_ discoveries of "emptiness"
Eyeballing the Wikipedia page, and out of the only scripts I could read, I counted 72 languages that used a direct transcription of "sushi". It isn’t as much a superpower as a thing languages do in general.
lol I never made that connection — in Turkish, zero is sıfır, which does sound a lot like cipher. Also, password is şifre, which again sounds similar. Looking online, apparently the path is sifr (Arabic, meaning zero) -> cifre (French, first meaning zero, then any numeral, then coded message) -> şifre (Turkish, code/cipher)
Nice! Imagine the second meaning going back to Arabic and now it's a full loop! It can even override the original meaning given enough time and popularity (not especially for "zero", but possibly for another full-loop word).
The Turkish password word may be the same used for signature? I suspect so, because in Greek we have the Greek word for signature but also a Turkish loan word τζίφρα (djifra).
Spouse of a linguist here. That is absolutely not true. To summarize a LOT, there are multiple languages that share common roots, which linguists classify into language "families". If you go to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_families#Spok... and sort the list by number of current speakers (which adds up to far more than the population of the world because so many people speak two or more languages), you'll find the top five language families are Indo-European (which includes most European languages, including English), Sino-Tibetan (which includes Chinese), Atlantic-Congo (which includes Bantu and many other languages spoken in Africa, most of which you probably won't have heard of unless you're a linguist or you live in Africa), Afroasiatic (which includes Arabic), and Austronesian (which includes Tagalog, which you might know by the name Filipino).
It might be possible to claim that the Afroasiatic languages are all derived from Arabic, but the only influence that the Arabic language has had on Indo-European languages such as English is via loanwords (like algebra, for example). This does not make English a derivative of Arabic any more than Japanese (which has borrowed several English words such as カメラ, "kamera", from camera) is a derivative of English. Borrowing a word, or even a few dozen words, from another language does not make it a derivative. English, while it gleefully borrows loanwords from everywhere, is derived from French and German (or, to be more accurate, from Anglo-Norman and Proto-Germanic).
Can I also add that "Arabic numbers" - the numbers we use today, are actually of Indian origin, the Arabs translated the Indian logic/math texts into Arabic, and Western society used the Arabic translations (and additions like those of "Algorithm")
I have it on consumer-grade authority that the Indians got them in turn from the Shang dynasty, decimal since ca.1200BCE. Thus proving conclusively that numeral systems naturally travel deasil. Ne'er let thine diʒits, goe widdershins.
Also as long as we are going down the terminology nerd rabbit hole: it's Arabic numerals, not numbers. Numbers refers to the abstract concept, numerals refers to the method one uses to write them down.
Yeah - I quoted that to show that it was normal usage rather than technical correctness - I also did the same for the name that I didn't have the correct spelling for as I wrote the comment - not sure if I should update it (with your input) or to leave it and let people work down the thread
I don't think determinants play a central role in modern advanced matrix topics.
Luckily for me I read Axler's "Linear Algebra Done Right" (which uses determinant-free proofs) during my first linear algebra course, and didn't concern myself with determinants for a very long time.
Edit: Beyond cofactor expansion everyone should know of at least one quick method to write down determinants of 3x3 matrices. There is a nice survey in this paper:
> I don't think determinants play a central role in modern advanced matrix topics.
Not true at all. It's integral to determinantal stochastic point processes, commute distances in graphs, conductance in resistor networks, computing correlation via linear response theory, enumerating subgraphs, representation theory of groups, spectral graph theory... I am sure many more
Here are three reasons you want to be able to calculate the volume change for arbitrary parallelpipeds:
- If det M = 0, then M is not invertible. Knowing this is useful for all kinds of reasons. It means you cannot solve an equation like Mx = b by taking the inverse ("dividing") on both sides, x = M \ b. It means you can find the eigenvalues of a matrix by rearranging Mx = λx <--> (M-λI)x = 0 <--> det M-λI = 0, which is a polynomial equation.
- Rotations are volume-preserving, so the rotation group can be expressed as the matrices where det M = 1 (well, the component connected to the identity). This is useful for theoretical physics, where they're playing around with such groups and need representations they can do things with.
- In information theory, the differential entropy (or average amount of bits it takes to describe a particular point in a continuous probability distribution) increases if you spread out the distribution, and decreases if you squeeze it together by exactly log |det M| for a linear transformation. A nonlinear transformation can be linearized with its gradient. This is useful for image compression (and thus generation) with normalizing flow neural networks.
As another poster has also said, the determinant of a matrix provides 2 very important pieces of information about the associated linear transformation of the space.
The sign of the determinant tells you whether the linear transformation includes a mirror reflection of the space, or not.
The absolute value of the determinant tells you whether the linear transformation preserves the (multi-dimensional) volume (i.e. it is an isochoric transformation, which changes the shape without changing the volume), or it is an expansion of the space or a compression of the space, depending on whether the absolute value of the determinant is 1, greater than 1 or less than 1.
To understand what a certain linear transformation does, one usually decomposes it in several kinds of simpler transformations (by some factorization of the matrix), i.e. rotations and reflections that preserve both size and shape (i.e. they are isometric transformations), isochoric transformations that preserve volume but not shape, and similitude transformations (with the scale factor computed from the absolute value of the determinant), which preserve shape, but not volume. The determinant provides 2 of these simpler partial transformations, the reflection and the similitude transformation.
Suppose you have (let's say) a 3x3 matrix. This is a linear transformation that maps real vectors to real vectors. Now let's say you have a cube as input with volume 1, and you send it into this transformation. The absolute value of the determinant of the matrix tells you what volume the transformed cube will be. The sign tells you if there is a parity reversal or not.
Form a quadratic equation to solve for the eigenvalues x of a 2x2 matrix (|A - xI| = 0). The inverse of a matrix can be calculated as the classical adjugate multiplied by the reciprocal of the determinant. Use Cramer's Rule to solve a system of linear equations by computing determinants. Reason that if x is an eigenvalue of A then A - xI has a non-trivial nullspace (using the mnemonic |A - xI| = 0).
It gives it a different implication. As I read it, an article titled "Lewis Carroll Computed Determinates" has three possible subjects:
1. Literally, Carroll would do matrix math. I know, like many on HN, that he was a mathematician. So this would be a dull and therefore unlikely subject.
2. Carroll invented determinates. This doesn't really fit the timeline of math history, so I doubt it.
3. Carroll computed determinates, and this was surprising. Maybe because we thought he was a bad mathematician, or the method had recently been invented and we don't know how he learned of it. This is slightly plausible.
4. (The actual subject). Carroll invented a method for computing determinates. A mathematician inventing a math technique makes sense, but the title doesn't. It'd be like saying "Newton and Leibnitz Used Calculus." Really burying the lede.
Of course, this could've been avoided had the article not gone with a click-bait style title. A clearer one might've been "Lewis Carroll's Method for Calculating Determinates Is Probably How You First Learned to Do It." It's long, but I'm not a pithy writer. I'm sure somebody could do better.
"How Lewis Carroll Computed Determinates" is fine and not clickbait because it provides all the pertinent information and is an accurate summary of its contents. Clickbait would be "you would never guess how this author/mathematician computed determinants" since it requires a clickthrough to know who the person is. How is perfectly fine IMO to have in the title because I personally would expect the How to be long enough to warrant a necessary clickthrough due to the otherwise required title length.
I forgot that cipher used to have a different meaning: zero, via Arabic. In some languages it means digit.
reply